The 65th Edition of CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment: What’s Inside & How to Access It

Part One: Core Principles of Clinical Care

Chapter 1: Disease Prevention & Health Promotion
This opening chapter establishes the foundation for modern primary care. It covers screening guidelines for common cancers (breast, colorectal, cervical, prostate, lung), cardiovascular risk assessment, immunizations across the lifespan, and evidence-based behavioral counseling for smoking cessation, diet, and physical activity. New for 2026 are updated USPSTF recommendations on lung cancer screening with low-dose CT and expanded guidance on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention.

Chapter 2: Common Symptoms
A practical, symptom-based approach to undifferentiated complaints. Each symptom—such as fatigue, weight loss, fever of unknown origin, dyspnea, chest pain, abdominal pain, headache, and dizziness—is presented with a differential diagnosis table, a "red flag" checklist, and a diagnostic algorithm. This chapter is designed for rapid bedside use.

Chapter 3: Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Management
Updated for 2026 with new guidelines on perioperative bridging of anticoagulation, risk stratification using the RCRI (Revised Cardiac Risk Index), and management of diabetes, hypertension, and pulmonary disease in the surgical patient. Special attention is given to older adults and frailty assessment.

Chapter 4: Geriatric Disorders
Focuses on the unique challenges of caring for older adults: falls and gait disorders, delirium versus dementia (including updated criteria for Alzheimer disease and Lewy body dementia), polypharmacy and deprescribing, urinary incontinence, pressure injuries, and elder abuse assessment. New content on age-friendly health systems and the "4Ms" framework (What Matters, Medication, Mentation, Mobility) is included.

Chapter 5: Palliative Care & Pain Management
Expanded for 2026, this chapter covers symptom management in serious illness: pain (opioid and non-opioid strategies), dyspnea, nausea, constipation, and delirium at end of life. Communication skills for goals-of-care discussions, advance care planning, and cultural considerations in palliative care are emphasized. New guidance on ketamine for refractory pain and medical aid in dying (where legal) is provided.

Part Two: Disorders by Organ System

Chapter 6: Dermatologic Disorders
Over 100 full-color images illustrate common and serious skin conditions: acne, rosacea, psoriasis, eczema, skin cancers (basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma), drug eruptions, fungal infections, and viral exanthems. The "Essentials of Diagnosis" for each condition include lesion morphology, distribution, and associated symptoms. Treatment sections include topical therapies, systemic agents, and procedural options like cryotherapy and excisional biopsy.

Chapter 7: Disorders of the Eyes & Lids
Covers red eye emergencies (conjunctivitis, keratitis, acute angle-closure glaucoma, uveitis), orbital infections (preseptal and orbital cellulitis), dry eye syndrome, blepharitis, and retinal disorders (diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal detachment). A rapid recognition guide for vision-threatening conditions is included.

Chapter 8: Otolaryngology Disorders
Addresses hearing loss (conductive vs. sensorineural), tinnitus, vertigo (including BPPV and Meniere disease), otitis media and externa, sinusitis, pharyngitis, hoarseness, and obstructive sleep apnea. New in 2026: updated antibiotic guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and expanded coverage of eustachian tube dysfunction.

Chapter 9: Pulmonary Disorders
Comprehensive coverage of asthma (stepwise therapy updated to GINA 2025 guidelines), COPD (including long-term oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation), pneumonia (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and aspiration), interstitial lung disease, pulmonary embolism (with new PE risk scores), and lung cancer screening and staging. Diagnostic algorithms using PFTs and chest imaging are provided.

Chapter 10: Coronary Artery Disease, Valvular Disease, & Other Key Topics in Cardiology
Covers chronic stable angina, acute coronary syndromes (NSTEMI and STEMI), revascularization options (PCI vs. CABG), and secondary prevention. Valvular heart disease includes aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and updated guidelines for TAVR and surgical valve replacement. Other topics: myocarditis, pericarditis, and adult congenital heart disease.

Chapter 11: Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy
Updated for 2026 with new guidance on SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), ARNI therapy (sacubitril/valsartan), and device therapy (ICDs, CRT). Dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathies are compared. Acute decompensated heart failure management algorithms are included.

Chapter 12: Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm
Focuses on supraventricular tachycardias (AFib, atrial flutter, AV nodal reentry), ventricular arrhythmias (VT, VFib), bradyarrhythmias, and conduction blocks. Updated anticoagulation strategies for atrial fibrillation (CHA₂DS₂-VASc and HAS-BLED scores) and new drugs for rhythm control are highlighted. ECGs for each arrhythmia are illustrated.

Chapter 13: Systemic Hypertension
Presents the latest JNC and ACC/AHA guidelines for diagnosis (proper BP measurement, out-of-office monitoring), classification, and treatment (first-line agents: thiazides, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs). Resistant hypertension, secondary causes (renal artery stenosis, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma), and hypertensive emergencies are covered. New for 2026: renal denervation as an adjunctive therapy.

Chapter 14: Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders
Covers aneurysms (abdominal aortic, thoracic), peripheral artery disease (including claudication and critical limb ischemia), carotid artery disease, vasculitides (giant cell arteritis, Takayasu, PAN, ANCA-associated), and lymphedema. Diagnostic imaging recommendations (duplex ultrasound, CTA, MRA) and treatment options (medical, endovascular, surgical) are outlined.

Chapter 15: Blood Disorders
Comprehensive coverage of anemias (microcytic: iron deficiency, thalassemia; macrocytic: B12, folate; normocytic: anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic), polycythemias, leukopenias, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Treatment sections include iron supplementation, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and transfusion guidelines. New: updated criteria for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).

Chapter 16: Disorders of Hemostasis, Thrombosis, & Antithrombotic Therapy
Covers bleeding disorders (hemophilia A/B, von Willebrand disease, platelet disorders) and thrombotic disorders (inherited and acquired thrombophilias). Extensive drug tables list anticoagulants (warfarin, DOACs: apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, dabigatran), antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor), and thrombolytics. Perioperative management of antithrombotics is addressed.

Chapter 17: Gastrointestinal Disorders
Esophagus: GERD, Barrett esophagus, achalasia, esophageal cancer. Stomach: gastritis, PUD, H. pylori treatment (updated regimens for 2026), gastric cancer. Intestines: IBS, IBD (Crohn and ulcerative colitis with new biologic therapies), celiac disease, diverticulitis, colorectal cancer screening. Also covers malabsorption, diarrhea, and constipation.

Chapter 18: Liver, Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders
Acute and chronic hepatitis (viral: A, B, C, D, E; autoimmune; alcoholic; drug-induced), cirrhosis and its complications (ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome), NAFLD/NASH (updated pharmacotherapy options), hepatocellular carcinoma screening, cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, cholangitis, and acute and chronic pancreatitis.

Chapter 19: Breast Disorders
Benign conditions (fibroadenomas, cysts, mastalgia, mastitis) and breast cancer (screening mammography updated guidelines, diagnostic workup of a palpable mass, pathology types, staging, and treatment including surgery, radiation, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted agents). Also covers gynecomastia and BRCA genetic testing.

Chapter 20: Women's Health Issues
Contraception options (including long-acting reversible contraceptives), menopausal hormone therapy (updated WHI data), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic organ prolapse, and urinary incontinence. New for 2026: guidance on perimenopause and the role of testosterone in women's health.

Chapter 21: Gynecologic Disorders
Covers cervical cancer screening (Pap and HPV testing), abnormal uterine bleeding, vulvovaginitis (candida, BV, trichomonas), sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HSV, HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and gynecologic cancers (ovarian, endometrial, cervical, vulvar, vaginal).

Chapter 22: Obstetrics & Obstetric Disorders
Prenatal care (screening tests, immunizations, common discomforts), common complications (hyperemesis, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, eclampsia, preterm labor, placental abnormalities), multiple gestation, and postpartum care (hemorrhage, infection, depression). Updated for 2026: new guidelines on timing of umbilical cord clamping and postpartum contraception.

Chapter 23: Rheumatologic, Immunologic, & Allergic Disorders
Covers rheumatoid arthritis (new JAK inhibitors and biologics), osteoarthritis, gout (updated treatment algorithms), pseudogout, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome, scleroderma, Sjögren syndrome, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis. Also includes anaphylaxis (acute management), urticaria, angioedema, and drug allergies.

Chapter 24: Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders
Systematic approach to sodium disorders (hyponatremia: hypovolemic, euvolemic, hypervolemic; hypernatremia), potassium (hypo- and hyperkalemia), calcium (hypo- and hypercalcemia), magnesium, and phosphorus. Acid-base: metabolic acidosis (anion gap and non-anion gap), metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, and mixed disorders. Blood gas interpretation algorithms included.

Chapter 25: Kidney Disease
Acute kidney injury (prerenal, intrinsic renal, postrenal) and chronic kidney disease (staging, slowing progression, managing complications: anemia, bone disease, acidosis). Glomerular diseases (nephrotic and nephritic syndromes: minimal change, FSGS, membranous, IgA nephropathy, post-strep, RPGN), tubular disorders, and nephrolithiasis. Also covers dialysis and transplantation basics.

Chapter 26: Urologic Disorders
Prostate disease (BPH, prostatitis, prostate cancer screening and management), urinary tract infections (uncomplicated, complicated, recurrent, catheter-associated), hematuria (evaluation), renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, erectile dysfunction, and male infertility. New for 2026: updated AUA guidelines on medical therapy for BPH.

Chapter 27: Nervous System Disorders
Stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic: acute management, secondary prevention, rehabilitation), seizures and epilepsy (new anti-seizure medications), headache (migraine, tension-type, cluster), multiple sclerosis (new disease-modifying therapies), Parkinson disease and other movement disorders, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, peripheral neuropathy, myasthenia gravis, and meningitis/encephalitis.

Chapter 28: Psychiatric Disorders
Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, OCD, PTSD, schizophrenia, eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, binge eating), substance use disorders (alcohol, opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, cannabis), and suicidality assessment. Updated for 2026: new formulations of ketamine/esketamine for treatment-resistant depression.

Part Three: Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders

Chapter 29: Disorders of the Pituitary, Thyroid, & Adrenal Glands
Pituitary: tumors (prolactinoma, acromegaly, Cushing disease), hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus. Thyroid: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (Graves, toxic nodular goiter, thyroiditis), thyroid nodules and cancer (updated ATA guidelines). Adrenal: adrenal insufficiency (primary and secondary), Cushing syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma.

Chapter 30: Disorders of Parathyroid Glands & Bone Metabolism
Primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism; hypoparathyroidism. Metabolic bone disease: osteoporosis (screening with DEXA, pharmacotherapy: bisphosphonates, denosumab, romosozumab, teriparatide), osteomalacia, and Paget disease of bone.

Chapter 31: Male Hypogonadism & Gynecomastia, Hirsutism & Virilization
Male hypogonadism (diagnosis, testosterone replacement therapy risks/benefits), gynecomastia (causes and management). Female hyperandrogenism: hirsutism (PCOS, non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia), virilizing tumors.

Chapter 32: Diabetes Mellitus & Hypoglycemia
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes: diagnostic criteria, prevention (lifestyle, metformin), and comprehensive management (lifestyle, metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, TZDs, insulin). Updated ADA 2026 guidelines on individualizing glycemic targets, new data on GLP-1 agonists for cardiovascular and renal protection, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery systems. Acute complications: DKA and HHS. Hypoglycemia in adults (differential and management).

Chapter 33: Lipid Disorders
Screening guidelines, risk calculation (ASCVD risk estimator), and treatment: statins (intensity levels), ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors (alirocumab, evolocumab), bempedoic acid, and icosapent ethyl. Familial hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia management.

Chapter 34: Nutrition, Nutritional Disorders, & Obesity
Assessment of nutritional status, malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies (B12, D, folate, thiamine, etc.), and trace element deficiencies. Obesity: pharmacotherapy (new for 2026: expanded indications for semaglutide and tirzepatide for weight loss), lifestyle interventions, and bariatric surgery indications and outcomes. Also covers enteral and parenteral nutrition.

Part Four: Infectious Diseases

Chapter 35: Common Problems in Infectious Disease & Antimicrobial Therapy
Fever in the returning traveler, fever in the neutropenic host, sepsis and septic shock (updated Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines), healthcare-associated infections. Antimicrobial stewardship principles. Extensive drug tables: antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, metronidazole, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, etc.), antifungals, antivirals, and antiparasitics. New for 2026: updated dosing for novel beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.

Chapter 36: HIV Infection & AIDS
Epidemiology, transmission, prevention (PrEP, PEP), diagnosis (antigen/antibody tests, viral load, CD4 count). Antiretroviral therapy (ART): initial regimens (integrase strand transfer inhibitors, NNRTIs, NRTIs, PIs, entry inhibitors), treatment monitoring, and management of ART complications. Opportunistic infections (PJP, toxoplasmosis, MAC, CMV, cryptococcosis, TB) and HIV-associated malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, cervical cancer). New 2026 guidelines on long-acting injectable ART (cabotegravir/rilpivirine) and HIV cure research.

Chapter 37: Viral & Rickettsial Infections
Influenza, COVID-19 (updated 2026 variants, antivirals, vaccines), RSV (new vaccines for older adults), common cold, herpes simplex (HSV-1, HSV-2), varicella-zoster (chickenpox, shingles), EBV (mononucleosis), CMV, measles, mumps, rubella, parvovirus B19, viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E — with updates on hepatitis C DAA therapy and hepatitis B new agents), arboviruses (West Nile, dengue, chikungunya, Zika), rabies, and rickettsial diseases (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis).

Chapter 38: Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections
Pneumococcal, staphylococcal (MRSA, MSSA), streptococcal (GAS, GBS, viridans), meningococcal, gonococcal (updated antibiotic resistance patterns), chlamydia, legionella, mycoplasma, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, tularemia, listeria, nocardia, actinomyces, and bacterial vaginosis. Updated 2026 antibiotic susceptibility data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and S. pneumoniae.

Chapter 39: Spirochetal Infections
Lyme disease (early localized, early disseminated, late: diagnosis and treatment updated IDSA guidelines), syphilis (primary, secondary, tertiary, congenital: new benzathine penicillin dosing regimens and management of neurosyphilis), leptospirosis, and relapsing fever.

Chapter 40: Protozoal & Helminthic Infections
Malaria (Plasmodium species: diagnosis with rapid tests and microscopy, treatment based on species and resistance patterns, chemoprophylaxis), toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis (African and American). Helminths: roundworms (ascariasis, hookworm, strongyloidiasis, trichinosis), tapeworms (taeniasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis), flukes (schistosomiasis, liver flukes). New 2026 updates on drug-resistant malaria and emerging parasitic diseases.

Chapter 41: Mycotic Infections
Superficial: candidiasis (oral, vulvovaginal, cutaneous), dermatophyte infections (tinea), pityriasis versicolor. Subcutaneous: sporotrichosis, mycetoma. Systemic (endemic): histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis. Opportunistic: invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, cryptococcosis, pneumocystis pneumonia (PJP), and emerging molds. Updated antifungal agents (azoles, echinocandins, amphotericin, flucytosine) and 2026 resistance patterns.

Part Five: Special Topics & Emergencies

Chapter 42: Disorders Related to Environmental Emergencies
Heat-related illness (heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke), hypothermia and frostbite, drowning and non-fatal submersion injury, altitude illness (acute mountain sickness, HAPE, HACE), electrical and lightning injuries, radiation exposure, drowning, and near-drowning. Also covers snake and arthropod envenomations (spiders, scorpions, ticks, bees/wasps), marine envenomations (jellyfish, stingrays, stonefish), and plant toxins.

Chapter 43: Poisoning
General approach to the poisoned patient (ABCDEs, decontamination: activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation, gastric lavage — indications and contraindications). Specific poisons: acetaminophen (N-acetylcysteine protocol), salicylates (aspirin), opioids (naloxone dosing and prolonged infusion), benzodiazepines (flumazenil used with caution), calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers (high-dose insulin, lipid emulsion therapy), digoxin (digoxin immune Fab), lithium, methemoglobinemia (methylene blue), carbon monoxide (hyperbaric oxygen), cyanide (hydroxocobalamin), ethylene glycol and methanol (fomepizole, ethanol, dialysis), tricyclic antidepressants (sodium bicarbonate), and organophosphates (atropine, pralidoxime). Updated 2026 toxidrome tables and reversal agent dosing.

Chapter 44: Cancer
General principles: cancer screening, diagnosis (imaging, biopsy, molecular profiling), staging, and treatment modalities (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy). Specific cancers: lung (NSCLC, SCLC), breast, colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal, liver, kidney, bladder, prostate, ovarian, endometrial, cervical, testicular, melanoma, primary CNS tumors, and leukemias/lymphomas. New for 2026: updated NCCN guidelines on immunotherapy biomarkers (PD-L1, MSI, TMB, HER2, NTRK, FGFR) and CAR T-cell therapy indications.

Chapter 45: Genetic & Genomic Disorders
Principles of medical genetics (Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal disorders, multifactorial inheritance). Specific disorders: Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome (45,X), Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease, neurofibromatosis, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and hereditary cancer syndromes (Lynch, BRCA1/2, familial adenomatous polyposis, Li-Fraumeni). Pharmacogenomics: CYP450 variants, HLA testing for drug hypersensitivity, and clinical applications of genomic testing.

Chapter 46: Orthopedic Disorders & Sports Medicine
Common fractures and dislocations (initial management, reduction, immobilization), low back pain (acute vs. chronic, red flags for cauda equina syndrome), neck pain, shoulder disorders (rotator cuff tear, impingement, adhesive capsulitis, glenohumeral dislocation), elbow disorders (epicondylitis, olecranon bursitis), wrist and hand disorders (carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain tenosynovitis, scaphoid fracture, trigger finger, Dupuytren contracture), hip disorders (osteoarthritis, trochanteric bursitis, hip fracture), knee disorders (ACL/PCL/meniscus tears, patellofemoral syndrome, osteoarthritis), ankle sprains, Achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis, and stress fractures. Sports preparticipation examination and return-to-play guidelines.

Chapter 47: Sexual & Gender Minority Health
New dedicated chapter for 2026. Covers terminology (LGBTQIA+), health disparities, and affirming care practices. Specific topics: gender identity and gender dysphoria (diagnostic criteria, mental health assessment), gender-affirming hormone therapy (feminizing: estrogen, anti-androgens; masculinizing: testosterone), gender-affirming surgeries (indications, complications, perioperative care), sexually transmitted infection screening in MSM and transgender populations, HIV prevention and care, fertility preservation, and routine cancer screening (cervical, breast, prostate) in transgender and nonbinary individuals.

Chapter 48: Substance Use Disorders
Alcohol use disorder: screening (AUDIT-C, CAGE), withdrawal management (CIWA-Ar protocol: benzodiazepines, phenobarbital), and long-term pharmacotherapy (naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram). Opioid use disorder: screening, withdrawal management (clonidine, lofexidine), and maintenance treatment (buprenorphine/naloxone, methadone, naltrexone). Stimulant use disorder (cocaine, amphetamines): management of acute toxicity and behavioral interventions. Benzodiazepine and sedative use disorder: tapering protocols. Tobacco use disorder: pharmacotherapy (nicotine replacement, varenicline, bupropion) and behavioral interventions. Cannabis use disorder: screening and management of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome. New 2026 guidelines on fentanyl test strips and harm reduction strategies.

Online-Only Bonus Chapters (AccessMedicine Exclusive)

Chapter e1: Anti-infective Treatment: Antibiotic, Antifungal, & Antiviral Agents
Comprehensive drug monographs with indications, dosing (adult and pediatric), renal adjustment, adverse effects, drug interactions, pregnancy/lactation safety, and resistance patterns. Includes beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, polymyxins, antifungals (azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, flucytosine), and antivirals (CMV, HSV/VZV, influenza, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV).

Chapter e2: Diagnostic Testing & Medical Decision-Making
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, ROC curves, and Bayes theorem. Interpreting test results in context. Reference intervals (normal laboratory values) for over 150 common tests: complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, coagulation studies, cardiac biomarkers, liver function tests, thyroid function tests, urine studies, arterial blood gas, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Information on pre-analytical variables and test ordering strategies.

Chapter e3: Information Technology in Patient Care
Electronic health records (EHRs): implementation, usability, documentation best practices, and avoiding copy-forward errors. Clinical decision support systems, computerized provider order entry (CPOE), telemedicine (synchronous/asynchronous, regulatory updates for 2026), mobile health apps (prescription digital therapeutics), patient portals, and artificial intelligence in diagnosis (AI imaging algorithms, clinical risk prediction).

Chapter e4: Podiatric Disorders
Comprehensive coverage of foot and ankle conditions: plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinopathy, metatarsalgia, Morton neuroma, hallux valgus (bunion), hallux rigidus, hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, flatfoot (pes planus), high arch (pes cavus), heel pain (plantar fasciitis, fat pad atrophy, Baxter neuropathy), tarsal tunnel syndrome, Charcot neuroarthropathy (diabetic foot), diabetic foot ulcers (Wagner classification, offloading, debridement, advanced wound care), nail disorders (onychomycosis, paronychia, ingrown toenail), and skin lesions. Conservative (orthotics, injections, physical therapy) and surgical options.

Chapter e5: Appendix: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pharmacogenetic Tests, Laboratory Reference Intervals, & Commonly Used Blood Specimen Collection Tubes
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) indications and therapeutic ranges for digoxin, lithium, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, methotrexate, and theophylline. Pharmacogenetic tests (CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, VKORC1, TPMT, NUDT15, HLA-B*5701, HLA-B*1502, UGT1A1). Comprehensive reference intervals for serum, plasma, urine, CSF, and other body fluids. Blood specimen collection tube guide: additive types (EDTA, heparin, citrate, fluoride/oxalate, clot activator, gel separator), color coding, and intended uses per CLSI standards.

How to Access CMDT 2026 (Official Purchase & Download Information)

Important copyright notice: CMDT 2026 is protected by international copyright law. There is no authorized free full PDF download. Unauthorized distribution via file-sharing sites, torrents, or social media violates copyright and often contains malware, incomplete content, or outdated editions. Only use official sources.

Official purchase and access options:

1. Print edition (paperback)
Price approximately $95 USD. ISBN-13: 9781266135545. Available from McGraw Hill Professional (mhprofessional.com), Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Books-A-Million, and independent medical bookstores. Shipping typically begins September 2025.

2. Standard eBook (reflowable)
Price approximately $79 USD. ISBN-13: 9781266643316. Includes full text, search functionality, annotation tools, and highlighting. Available from VitalSource (Bookshelf app for iOS, Android, Windows, Mac, web), RedShelf, and Google Play Books. No DRM restrictions on printing for personal use (usually up to 20% of pages). Download the app and access offline.

3. AccessMedicine institutional access (free for many students and clinicians)
Many academic medical centers, hospitals, and health science libraries subscribe to McGraw Hill's AccessMedicine platform. If affiliated with a subscribing institution, visit accessmedicine.com, search "CMDT 2026," and read the full text online for free. Download individual PDF chapters for offline reading (institutional license permitting). Check your medical library's electronic resources page.

4. iOS / Android app
Download the AccessMedicine app (free from Apple App Store or Google Play Store). Log in with your institutional credentials or personal McGraw Hill account after purchasing the eBook. Read CMDT 2026 on a smartphone or tablet with full search and bookmarking.

5. Library access (public and university)
Many public and university libraries purchase print copies for reference use. Search WorldCat (worldcat.org) for ISBN 9781266135545 to find a library near you that holds CMDT 2026. Library borrowing is free.

Direct purchase links (official):

• McGraw Hill Professional: https://www.mhprofessional.com/current-medical-diagnosis-treatment-2026-65th-edition-9781266135545-usa

• VitalSource: https://www.vitalsource.com/products/current-medical-diagnosis-treatment-2026-maxine-a-papadakis-v9781266643316

• Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/dp/1266135548 (pending listing)

• Barnes & Noble: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/current-medical-diagnosis-treatment-2026-maxine-a-papadakis/1145826423

Note on downloads: After purchase from VitalSource or RedShelf, you can download the eBook file to your device for offline reading via the Bookshelf app. This is the only legal PDF-like access. No single DRM-free PDF is sold. Be cautious of websites offering "free CMDT 2026 PDF download" — these are unauthorized and potentially harmful.